The register builds the most comprehensive single picture so far of those who perpetrated the enslavement of African people. Illustration: Diana Ejaita/The GuardianView image in fullscreenThe register builds the most comprehensive single picture so far of those who perpetrated the enslavement of African people. Illustration: Diana Ejaita/The GuardianExclusive: New research identifies thousands who profited from trafficking enslaved Africans and traces some financial links to institutions still operating today The big pictureThe Register of British Slave Traders and the president of Ghana, John Dramani MahamaThe enormous scale of Britain’s centuries-long trafficking of enslaved African people, supported by parliament and the monarchy, has been laid bare by new research.The Register of British Slave Traders, the product of a three-year project by a team of specialist historians, documents the investors in Britain’s near 250-year transatlantic slave trade from the first traffickers in the 1560s to abolition in 1807.The register provides biographical detail for as many of 10,500 investors as possible from historical records, building the most comprehensive single picture so far of those who perpetrated the enslavement of African people.Britain’s trafficking operations, including royal companies led by kings and, later, a rush of entrepreneurs in Bristol, Liverpool and other port cities, violently transported more than 3 million enslaved African men, women and children to colonial plantations in the Americas and Caribbean.The Guardian is reporting on significant findings of the project, led by Prof William Pettigrew of King’s College London, and the vast human damage it documents: the relentless involvement of the British monarchy, parliament and financial and business elites; the role of the church in legitimising it; and how the investors’ wealth was woven deep into the country’s fabric and used to fund hospitals, schools, welfare organisations, the arts, science and culture.Key elements include: A series of British kings and queens were leaders and investors in the trafficking of enslaved African people; More than 100 MPs were investors in slave-trading companies, including scores in the Tory and Whig parties – the forerunners of today’s Conservatives and Liberal Democrats; Dozens of directors and original financiers of the Bank of England were investors in the slave trade; More than 1,000 women invested in slave-trading companies; Forty-five Church of England clergymen were investors in the slave-trading Royal African Company. The BBC is showing a two-part documentary about the register, presented by the historian David Olusoga.The publication of the register will provide further evidence for the growing global movement calling on European governments to acknowledge their perpetration of enslavement, issue a full, formal apology and engage positively with discussions for reparatory justice.Successive British governments have refused to do so, arguing there is no duty to make reparations because enslavement and the slave trade were not against the law at the time.Starmer avoids reparation talksAn official delegation from Jamaica delivered a petition to King Charles last week to seek a legal ruling from the privy council, the final court of appeal for UK overseas territories and some Commonwealth countries, on whether that government position is lawful.Famous names, hidden historiesFrom left; St Pauls Cathedral and the removal of Couston’s statueIt is a legacy of the dehumanisation inflicted on so many African men, women and children that much less was documented about them than about their enslavers.
The register draws on copious permanent records for the traffickers: company documents; birth, death and marriage certificates; wills and biographical information, much of it official because many were MPs and members of the elite. Memorials and statues venerate many to this day. The enslaved people were treated as chattel, property, by British law, and there is no lasting documentation even identifying millions of them.There are ongoing projects dedicated to addressing this deficit and to documenting the lives of the enslaved people as much as possible from the few records that were made.Of the thousands of British slave traders identified in the register, some are household names: King James II, the last Catholic monarch to rule England, Scotland and Ireland whose statue celebrating him as a “defender of the faith” stands in Trafalgar Square, London; the composer George Frideric Handel; and the philosopher John Locke, both shareholders in the Royal African Company (RAC).The historians’ broader research found that Sir Christopher Wren, the architect of St Paul’s Cathedral and many other churches in London, chaired a meeting in 1682 of the Royal Society, the institution dedicated to furthering science, when it voted to invest in the RAC.It is an illustration of modern Britain’s scant discussion of its enslaving history that the legendary status of these men rarely encompasses recognition that they participated in the slave trade.It is now better known that Queen Elizabeth I and her inner circle supported the enslaving voyages of the Plymouth-based privateer John Hawkins in the 1560s, lending him Royal Navy ships in return for a share of the profits.For decades, piratical shipowners enslaved and trafficked people from the west African coast – mostly from present-day Ghana and Nigeria – to the Caribbean and North America. In the 1600s merchants followed, establishing plantations, including sugar in Barbados.Perhaps the single British person now principally known as a slave trader, among the 10,500 in the register for whom the historians found records, is Edward Colston.
He was an RAC investor and assistant, or director, Tory MP for Bristol and benefactor of schools and charities. That is the result of concerted campaigning and public education, culminating during the Black Lives Matter protests in 2020 in the toppling of Colston’s statue.A twist of historical crueltyRobert Heysham was instrumental in growing the transatlantic slave trade.British plantation owners enslaved African men and women and children – who were born enslaved for life – to extract their unpaid labour, enforcing enslavement through extreme violence. It is a further twist of cruelty that this oppression was enforced to deliver treats to people in a modernising Europe: tobacco and sugar.After the monarchy was restored in 1660, the crown took a leading role in the trafficking and established two royally chartered companies before the RAC was founded in 1672.Led by James II and his cousin Prince Rupert of the Rhine, the RAC held a monopoly on the trafficking, enforced with the Royal Navy, the military and the state’s legal power. The RAC became the largest single trafficker of enslaved African people in the history of European enslavement, taking at least 150,000 captive men, women and children across the Atlantic.Those who eagerly joined the king in this royal enslaving company were the elites of a nation developing into a modern state.
The register gives character to the names of RAC shareholders, assistants and governors: royal courtiers; Tory and Whig members of parliament; financiers, bankers, merchants; and City of London aldermen, or councillors.Arguments about Britain’s involvement in enslavement did develop in parliament. But moral condemnation came much later. The dispute that dominated for 25 years was led by independent, or “separate”, traders lobbying for the royal monopoly to be removed so that they too could become traffickers.Full deregulation was approved by parliament in 1712, and the new British ideology of “free trade” enabled a dramatic increase in the number of African people denied their liberty, enslaved and trafficked.View image in fullscreenRobert Heysham, left, argued forcefully against the royal monopoly over the
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